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the record ~ every source, linked

References: the studies and FDA sources behind every claim

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered source below. Peer-reviewed studies carry DOIs and PubMed links; regulatory facts cite FDA pages verified on the date noted.

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Peer-reviewed literature

The studies below are the primary preclinical literature on KPV and its parent peptide alpha-MSH, re-verified against PubMed and Crossref. KPV is studied entirely in vitro and in animals; there are no human clinical trials in this list, because none have been published [13]. Secondary web sources frequently carry incorrect PMIDs or DOIs for these papers, so identifiers here were checked at the source.

Regulatory sources

The regulatory facts on the KPV legal status page are drawn from FDA pages verified on 2026-05-29. They state present-tense status only; no future FDA decision is asserted. KPV's appearance on the July 23-24, 2026 PCAC agenda is a scheduled discussion of a substance under evaluation, not a listing decision.

  1. Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-178. ↗
  2. Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(3):324-331. ↗
  3. Getting SJ, Schiöth HB, Perretti M. Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;306(2):631-637. ↗
  4. Brzoska T, Luger TA, Maaser C, Abels C, Böhm M. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(5):581-602. ↗
  5. Xiao B, Xu Z, Viennois E, et al. Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis. Mol Ther. 2017;25(7):1628-1640. ↗
  6. Bonfiglio V, Camillieri G, Avitabile T, Leggio GM, Drago F. Effects of the COOH-terminal tripeptide alpha-MSH(11-13) on corneal epithelial wound healing: role of nitric oxide. Exp Eye Res. 2006;83(6):1366-1372. ↗
  7. Böhm M, Luger T. Are melanocortin peptides future therapeutics for cutaneous wound healing? Exp Dermatol. 2019;28(3):219-224. ↗
  8. Zhou F, et al. In situ mucoadhesive hydrogel capturing tripeptide KPV: the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and repairing effect. Biomater Sci. 2022;10(7):1644-1655. ↗
  9. Zhao Y, et al. Skin-adaptive film dressing with smart-release of growth factors accelerated diabetic wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;222(Pt A):1738-1748. ↗
  10. Exploring the Role of Tripeptides in Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Med Sci. 2025. ↗
  11. Catania A, Cutuli M, Garofalo L, et al. New insights into the functions of alpha-MSH and related peptides in the immune system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:133-140. ↗
  12. Zhang D, et al. PepT1-targeted nanodrug based on co-assembly of anti-inflammatory peptide and immunosuppressant for combination treatment of acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1442876. ↗
  13. KPV compound corpus (rev. 2): compiled dosage-context, stability, and human-data status. KPV is a small peptidase-labile tripeptide with no published human clinical trials and no validated human pharmacokinetics; it is a research-only chemical not approved for human use by any regulator. Synthesizes the primary literature cited here (Dalmasso 2008; Kannengiesser 2008; Bonfiglio 2006; Xiao 2017; Brzoska 2008). ↗
  14. Lin X, et al. KPV and RAPA Self-Assembled into Carrier-Free Nanodrugs for Vascular Calcification Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater. 2024. ↗
  15. Ji HX, Zou YL, Duan JJ, et al. The synthetic melanocortin (CKPV)2 exerts anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory effects against Candida albicans vaginitis via inducing macrophage M2 polarization. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56004. ↗
  16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. (FDA's nominated-substances / significant-safety-risks compounding page; cited here for the 503A bulk-substance framework. KPV is not an FDA-approved drug.) Verified 2026-05-29. ↗
  17. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. (503A/503B framework; bulk-substance eligibility — USP/NF monograph, component of an approved drug, or bulks-list inclusion; public nomination with PCAC input; January 7, 2025 revised interim policy.) Verified 2026-05-29. ↗
  18. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. (BPC-157, KPV, TB-500, and MOTs-C listed as bulk drug substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List; KPV evaluated in free-base and acetate forms — a scheduled discussion, not a decision.) Verified 2026-05-29. ↗
  19. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Interim Policy on Compounding Using Bulk Drug Substances Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (guidance landing page; finalized January 2025). Verified 2026-05-29. ↗