# KPV peptide references: the cited studies and FDA sources | KPV Store

> The full reference list behind the KPV peptide digest: PubMed-indexed studies on PepT1 uptake, colitis, corneal wound healing, and reviews, plus the FDA 503A compounding sources. With DOIs and PMIDs.

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered source below. Peer-reviewed studies carry DOIs and PubMed links; regulatory facts cite FDA pages verified on the date noted.

## Peer-reviewed literature

The studies below are the primary preclinical literature on KPV and its parent peptide alpha-MSH, re-verified against PubMed and Crossref. KPV is studied entirely in vitro and in animals; there are no human clinical trials in this list, because none have been published [13]. Secondary web sources frequently carry incorrect PMIDs or DOIs for these papers, so identifiers here were checked at the source.

## Regulatory sources

The regulatory facts on the [KPV legal status](/legal-status) page are drawn from FDA pages verified on 2026-05-29. They state present-tense status only; no future FDA decision is asserted. KPV's appearance on the July 23-24, 2026 PCAC agenda is a scheduled discussion of a substance under evaluation, not a listing decision.

## References

[1] Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-178. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18061177/
[2] Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(3):324-331. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18092346/
[3] Getting SJ, Schiöth HB, Perretti M. Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;306(2):631-637. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12750433/
[4] Brzoska T, Luger TA, Maaser C, Abels C, Böhm M. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(5):581-602. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18612139/
[5] Xiao B, Xu Z, Viennois E, et al. Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis. Mol Ther. 2017;25(7):1628-1640. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28143741/
[6] Bonfiglio V, Camillieri G, Avitabile T, Leggio GM, Drago F. Effects of the COOH-terminal tripeptide alpha-MSH(11-13) on corneal epithelial wound healing: role of nitric oxide. Exp Eye Res. 2006;83(6):1366-1372. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16965771/
[7] Böhm M, Luger T. Are melanocortin peptides future therapeutics for cutaneous wound healing? Exp Dermatol. 2019;28(3):219-224. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30661264/
[8] Zhou F, et al. In situ mucoadhesive hydrogel capturing tripeptide KPV: the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and repairing effect. Biomater Sci. 2022;10(7):1644-1655. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34846053/
[9] Zhao Y, et al. Skin-adaptive film dressing with smart-release of growth factors accelerated diabetic wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;222(Pt A):1738-1748. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36240893/
[10] Exploring the Role of Tripeptides in Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Med Sci. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41209547/
[11] Catania A, Cutuli M, Garofalo L, et al. New insights into the functions of alpha-MSH and related peptides in the immune system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:133-140. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851308/
[12] Zhang D, et al. PepT1-targeted nanodrug based on co-assembly of anti-inflammatory peptide and immunosuppressant for combination treatment of acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1442876. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39211778/
[13] KPV compound corpus (rev. 2): compiled dosage-context, stability, and human-data status. KPV is a small peptidase-labile tripeptide with no published human clinical trials and no validated human pharmacokinetics; it is a research-only chemical not approved for human use by any regulator. Synthesizes the primary literature cited here (Dalmasso 2008; Kannengiesser 2008; Bonfiglio 2006; Xiao 2017; Brzoska 2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18061177/
[14] Lin X, et al. KPV and RAPA Self-Assembled into Carrier-Free Nanodrugs for Vascular Calcification Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39252648/
[15] Ji HX, Zou YL, Duan JJ, et al. The synthetic melanocortin (CKPV)2 exerts anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory effects against Candida albicans vaginitis via inducing macrophage M2 polarization. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56004. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23457491/
[16] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. (FDA's nominated-substances / significant-safety-risks compounding page; cited here for the 503A bulk-substance framework. KPV is not an FDA-approved drug.) Verified 2026-05-29. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks
[17] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. (503A/503B framework; bulk-substance eligibility — USP/NF monograph, component of an approved drug, or bulks-list inclusion; public nomination with PCAC input; January 7, 2025 revised interim policy.) Verified 2026-05-29. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-used-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act
[18] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. (BPC-157, KPV, TB-500, and MOTs-C listed as bulk drug substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List; KPV evaluated in free-base and acetate forms — a scheduled discussion, not a decision.) Verified 2026-05-29. https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/july-23-24-2026-meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-07232026
[19] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Interim Policy on Compounding Using Bulk Drug Substances Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (guidance landing page; finalized January 2025). Verified 2026-05-29. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/interim-policy-compounding-using-bulk-drug-substances-under-section-503a-federal-food-drug-and

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A friendly reading shelf of the KPV peptide literature — the in-vitro and mouse findings on this alpha-MSH tripeptide laid out gently, the absent human trials left honestly blank, and its FDA-evaluation standing noted before anything else; nothing here is a clinic, a prescription, or for sale.